今日下午,《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课,我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块,也期待大家积极参与。这里,老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下:
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4 w1 N H9 E4 `6 H" Q' qTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好,星期一下午有事未到,让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第" d% L } Z$ y% z) Omso-font-kerning:0pt">2$ N- A, Y4 N% J/ Q
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% d7 j4 i* p- T+ r; Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。. J1 N! H9 d/ y1 J6 H
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百:《诗经》实有三百零五篇,三百只是举其整数。/ \3 C% h$ @- \) K: a5 E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">:概括。思无邪:《诗经1 K0 C! B5 ]: N3 f1 n+ m5 S kmso-font-kerning:0pt">•( a5 b: ~8 M; y/ Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词,孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪:纯正,没有邪念。4 u$ d/ E" t# lmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 1 L; D8 R$ n& i$ u3 w) [% s7 V
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇,用一句话来概括它,就是" m+ S' F% w' _7 E
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, J6 P/ u. |9 m; _* VTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:孔子为什么极为重视诗教?9 W6 s' T) w+ O; r- A. J* `# C
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' V) |1 x' _- nTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过,吾道一以贯之,指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神,读书学习,重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之,就是一以贯之的意思,: V. z9 L0 J/ N# W+ {/ \- Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">"4 p) m- t( ]6 \( k& @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
4 x! \) U. E9 d; j" _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪! E0 @" D) O! h0 Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">"& ~7 B' R! G. i# Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
7 u3 h: L: z) }' r0 xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。8 G3 ~! B# h) N" a4 e
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说:" u5 O3 S! ^/ O: q- o( [0pt">“2 ]6 r+ y7 j3 G
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐/ I" X: L8 z+ \! N8 ]
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》),兴于诗,强调诗的教育之重要,所兴的是人的情感。立于礼,礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐,乐教的目的是使这种, b4 c4 E D. M: e% r* f" w/ Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" y& u& M* ]$ E# m! x
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) z+ F( l# D4 o! ?" D* h, J+ n ^5 [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的# e" a# x3 v( e
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* v- U6 a7 W) ]4 m* e( Y! }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等,诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁,孔子认为,就教化的功能而言,& v2 G: a9 ?% q8 h; U8 J7 m$ nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“' I" Y$ z3 k3 B. h' X9 S
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4 y% t3 L' m: U+ Y" Z; w, ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。9 k% v7 l7 @( d" Q; `& L4 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集,经孔子删订,收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌+ W8 F6 E$ R( M* }$ J2 V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视2 E; U8 B( m/ {. [7 D, c8 ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 v4 R# |# @! a# }* z$ a5 o
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用,他说:( R6 F& M* F2 [0 N7 u% t
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}3 x1 n' f' }! L' L5 }; K* V" Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗,无以言。7 X4 p! ]; q5 A# b5 D2 t+ ]$ N' [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》): \: Q( E* ~ C# Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# {6 B, h+ q: ?# N0 A7 P, P# C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。迩之事父,远之事君;多识于鸟兽草木之名。7 j& p# D; W8 o, Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ K w0 U! N* t9 E- ?! K1 |
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8 W5 @! Q8 `+ r3 y5 Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语0 b3 u9 ]. P& K5 k. E0 x
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, U4 P4 t5 N1 D1 Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》)由此可见,孔子重视《诗经》的教育,一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识,二是通过- Z. ?" w) V0 _ r) L+ D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨+ h8 S' P# |6 T- |8 R5 j
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3 U, p) A( m2 x! Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操,并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育,使人+ F. |+ g a: w5 Y' c9 M- omso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 H0 E' U! N# g7 _- Z* Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;0 G, a% P( x0 }5 l8 z; a/ n' X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。& n% B4 v C/ ~8 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解:诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。6 q0 _& x! ? u; _+ M- Emso-font-kerning:0pt"> + O# w$ @4 B) H4 V/ T& ]' ^1 w
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" Y. X' a; F! L5 ^# ITahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。9 z& I7 O# F: `+ N7 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">——% E( E0 [& H. ^" E+ b% R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品,那时的社会风气是开化的,孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变,是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”, v/ v1 L7 h1 ~* zmso-font-kerning:0pt">——" Q" C! Q0 _( B, l7 h( d' ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观、可以群,可以怨。# V* x0 q7 k! L, u" B8 R
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; s. ~# V* k- ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓8 n( x% H. T5 } m; T
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" R0 R$ m% g, ?5 h3 y' ~3 N. I" F8 ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致,培养想象力;所谓# ^/ `& E% J4 i# m* z
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- k7 @; L# ` R; [" ]2 kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物,提高观察力;所谓6 t8 H0 u2 G3 @, C5 c1 Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! p5 q1 F9 b7 @" k+ [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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; W& L3 ?! Y8 U3 }' wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗还可以锻炼 P& q4 P& p3 o- H2 H4 L0 y
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8 I1 f4 I2 C' `, Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤 [6 Y) F2 M, [* t$ j# fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ ]7 i) g, _6 Y) J5 Z7 y
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7 r0 D2 V9 }. B/ S3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语5 I1 G- U! E' \' p
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9 Q1 {% e1 t7 `: \! j( h' O* e* _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》)的胸襟和品格,抒发心中之怨,而又能* [+ j# {7 k B2 v/ m
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* V8 V1 m' H6 f wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒5 x- J8 R+ M* v! b' O
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》),恰到好处,合乎中道。总之,学诗可以使人/ v2 d9 r. M* K2 N- J! h' y0 u' L
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊:群呢,就是说物以类聚,大家有共同的审美和爱好,对诗经有雷同的见解,于是呢,就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢,就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物,会生出点点怨气,怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活,从而激发斗志。# e+ S0 f* f: s! x3 u- p+ c" H7 `+ ^
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的,写文章,也需要提高文学素养,如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句,定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则,干巴巴的,没有文彩,读之无味。; e9 C+ \. G- \5 O7 c) V' H
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9 I4 b7 Z/ y' l# kTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨,是否也指怨刺,有着对社会的不满和抨击,比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等7 B$ y; F& b5 @8 |1 d! @mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英:) G) ] C1 v2 O" _+ d; X# t, i0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊,大家看看习总的语言风格,文学素养深厚,值得学习。
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