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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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* N& b Z2 ~" `% H- _; r/ Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, / f; F5 `/ K( F: h2 Z6 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, / _) h f; O$ v# s0 T; L! cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( `) t5 k$ y$ U" g+ P9 K& F"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ( R$ e+ M4 {# a! n$ k3 ^' @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,& r$ {! L1 x6 s* \- M# G8 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 U* ?' U% C7 K. A"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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* F# |1 F0 j4 M0 M( N" \7 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, , j5 T! f& M# e$ X3 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : \( G1 N- @/ K6 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; l1 \5 [2 |1 Q/ U+ Y6 v "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 1 Z. [; t! m+ F9 N; {- z/ V- T( b& ^: e- z# n u/ o- j2 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - I5 T. Z2 ~# `* P0 U/ v: ?0 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' G9 U0 k0 Q+ [. E* C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 X5 m0 g5 K& ~2 V"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . M8 }! j$ B/ [6 o( d# F( v# \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, R( `" |5 Q. H* ~/ p: Y8 I/ S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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, A& z0 m1 @7 ?0 x w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, . G9 E; [4 M" l5 b$ X a0 Q; \" A, n( w2 v2 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 Q* s6 G$ Y& }6 M"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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; @+ Z* \0 H8 ^. V3 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 4 V& o- J4 s: Y6 a, r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ * a1 s! i& u/ @8 d, R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” - S, ]( a" P: b- R4 |) [4 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 l$ r ?- W7 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 O. n. s1 b0 T3 n; g4 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, % v' H1 S- C Q$ ^6 h7 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, B7 @! B2 R( \: c0 | "Times New Roman"">前者为因, ! W# X1 [0 c6 X9 u' g6 F2 y7 L' omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 7 K2 \: A U& S' Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( V# p- |. w! v# n"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, " I8 n2 ^" q( n$ t& H5 s3 J+ j, _0 g5 M4 Z$ \6 l0 s8 r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 9 T E% ^ X4 T% [! z9 J9 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 }# W) b3 _3 a4 m6 y0 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! x! @& s5 @7 O* a"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, / ~9 c8 v" Z# p/ t! t& l: V, u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 7 R) {' G: Z" f# }! Q& ]! X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + b2 i( `. [+ Z8 g }"Times New Roman"">“ - J( `- B! d# ^; n- n- S' z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? # k- V' ~/ S7 [5 a# V, v( x! c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 1 K. F( s# _& A8 _8 p& l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, i% W6 p3 g' M+ Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ Q& I/ o: x2 S- f"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ! g# U; ^( B+ ?: s- q3 j6 K7 ?* @" M; o" Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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0 I+ g- q7 ?! smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 + ^ P8 W# I/ u! ]6 a- |2 y: o( z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 6 ~" ~+ O4 m9 c% e% ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: F4 |7 u! w+ q- w( \0 P) n"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ) E5 W/ [0 E+ W7 {( l2 n7 M% T& M( Q( J1 \7 g' J8 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ) F3 i" D. U+ ~3 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. a# z# W$ G" r+ c "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 1 L4 M+ t2 q$ Z5 B: r( ]4 Q7 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 8 t3 r1 U3 e$ ^ X9 t- C2 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里2 X- }2 p2 S0 P' Q0 M6 a1 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 . K0 F- ?% m: t" [' p" Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(( F! C$ N/ y7 a2 d7 Z# O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), - U3 k; C" D; D/ M# R: K* S7 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + r! k0 j9 p, i! K/ `"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用# z4 G! |' t, M1 A4 K 12.0pt">, + h2 H4 u7 ?+ `0 r6 N3 b2 n"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, * e7 N8 ]6 W- D+ l% T/ h# A: xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . E" G, z9 S4 W9 \6 v, ["Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, - `) I3 q5 k: h9 F" ` C5 s1 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!( {6 T" k" V5 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, / h2 e3 V( _- e ?; W1 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* ^/ C1 E+ ]$ U0 w "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 5 `9 m2 D, k6 S+ J9 j( L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ; Q5 @3 O5 ?1 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 9 j* C) R; H' Q: o- o7 U$ t) d8 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! x) N9 \, |6 g$ h "Times New Roman"">“ 2 L! k; K5 X: ?6 x4 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”. z- w' a+ x3 Y- T$ F B 12.0pt"> 8 B! g- Q/ R0 u: B. @) T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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: ` k- y/ |0 z+ ~2 x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ) r( ?" R3 `2 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, / _6 T" t: j" m$ q$ X! xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 d' N% J* ^2 l' e1 x "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 5 a1 r1 L. v; { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, # I# I# l5 Z3 |/ M. _/ l" k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ) F R1 E2 g5 C; S( qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! H% e3 W4 j- F* S; s* j6 i "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! H3 b& ~9 y+ X+ [1 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” / g4 m s7 U* S( Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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! g. b' m+ @' M9 ]0 T2 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 1 n# M) i. Q, \9 X, O, F4 R$ h; K& ?" ^) Q( Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% b- @/ @$ @" L" d; a6 L# V "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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; p/ r% k: G0 h# N! ?) b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - \7 ]7 {; T2 v2 A; x+ x# p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 3 B# W& t* H! a R- h2 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + h5 t1 ?$ `* o1 Q4 H: @- b- l( N"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, l M3 r3 C: j+ M) j4 S# j* E2 O4 ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, - E: L6 @0 P5 o$ tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: b `! X9 w! i% C "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章, L @/ f) ] q3 i4 N: D g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 R5 O8 i6 D, K7 v( Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 _% a' Y( F @" h: x# f- S"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题( S% u5 P9 }4 |9 E7 r12.0pt">: ) p& L/ p/ ^- ?8 `: V "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 1 b3 O) }) E, I4 {' sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) d4 F+ ]9 q- l. [# Z* S"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才4 K( {, ]% j0 Z8 S8 W7 @9 w 12.0pt">, 6 g) R- C1 [ {7 \ g3 J' d1 o "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 1 c' c, P: v9 p& x# k" Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 D! F# h P7 ~) v2 v"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; % d6 {: T( f9 ?" }6 k o& D, x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, - N" z; u# A) C, f Q$ ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 2 f8 x/ J& k6 k5 i' r; pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. v) C0 @) ^) S0 e3 x6 Q3 T "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题; @) c" W9 S+ Q: _8 m12.0pt">; 2 e, u# l8 R t7 l- b: _- V5 \8 G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ; I7 C9 t! _; i9 ~/ i/ D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : X) ^2 Q7 L; B9 e"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求0 z) [: S J3 H' A } 12.0pt">: 2 m) D2 J1 T! H4 g. |% G$ J1 @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; : A s h3 Y2 k4 t+ [& }. zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' s- ~/ ?( A) z1 {3 G# \"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 6 }+ b( t/ L+ g) [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ( C: m/ I) I/ b/ F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ [5 V: r6 B# C" Y \9 X' m5 a5 l "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统" E! l! W* q, F4 _12.0pt">:

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5 l# P, z% L, Z. v) Z) @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, " v: G5 @: y' L$ `9 K6 L- Q% ^% O4 A' w- W& z, V9 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: E* `- g9 n/ h0 Z1 K3 ~7 p: R "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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1 X( d T2 X' t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 9 H- j' T: ?1 i7 |$ D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& E; e D2 R5 h: b) {$ x& z' i "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 9 e5 B @. {. }) G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, . N6 x* @& H- z% pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( @) M' |' W* G2 ]$ d+ ^"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, # ]5 w/ z5 Q; Z0 u7 L+ U! ~$ W% a; F5 |, H9 Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , G* T# K- C% b1 x1 \% n, ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / I A% @1 K* O+ |) N* X3 D& O4 w"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ' u1 N8 e" T1 t7 V* E- @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, & l1 _0 z0 I& T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: _3 n, @& }6 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 L8 G- L6 R3 @6 f3 H "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ( }, h& K4 C: E, `, a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 9 n' g: c0 [; d! Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) u: E# U- @' Y+ b3 @- i- Z"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ) o6 c+ M, f% D. Z% N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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7 a. m, d* s$ d! @& a* S. n# pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,; y3 a [3 a4 ]- qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( A$ O/ e1 s5 E( ?! R# a( E"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定2 u4 J& Z! |0 C% S" | 12.0pt">, - k$ ] x6 @, C& A1 Z# `' c"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / F! Y, j1 Q" ~9 a( q8 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: n$ X. G# s# x "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:* |/ Z; x- f! W4 d0 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, + B* H: j8 m. w1 `6 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, m) n* b9 y* ]/ @! C9 C4 i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , r- O4 \9 \" {: R/ T! d( M- \"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ; l3 O; D* X/ _4 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! R! T( B- s5 ^; ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( g& k) C* z+ G"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 9 F7 ^. t1 j5 ~+ }* m% P5 Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ $ |; F8 t! l0 z7 \ k& `+ ] u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, + x( x) B/ V- b+ i6 S# dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 [- V/ b" k1 e; B7 F7 j"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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